Tuesday 22 April 2014

Witton's Letter to Thomas 21 October 1929

Updated 22/07/2022
I cannot understand how so many historians can take this letter at face value without subjecting it to any form of critical analysis and that they declare it a matter of "historical record", capable of of rewriting history. The following is a presentation of my views regarding the letter and the many questions it elicits.

Since reading Witton’s Scapegoats of the Empire and The Times report of the trials I have had a great deal of difficulty in accepting the often stated view that the letter provides proof of Handcock’s guilt in the Heese shooting when:
  • the court-martial found him not guilty;
  • several civilian witnesses proved that he was 15-20 miles away at the time of the shooting; and
  • the prosecution failed to establish a motive.
In response to requests I have reproduced Witton's letter in full and it can be viewed by clicking here. The letter was written partly to answer a query by Thomas as to whether he (Thomas) was the anonymous source referred to by Witton in an interview he gave to Smith's Weekly the previous year.

Withdrawal From Sale of Scapegoats of the Empire
When George Witton visited my late grandfather to give him a copy of Scapegoats of the Empire he informed him, according to my mother, that the book had been withdrawn from circulation due to the intervention of the British Government. (This was told to me long ago by my late mother, I don’t know any more details). The book was still available in April, 1909[1] so I suspect that its withdrawal may have occurred shortly afterwards and may have had something to do with Kitchener’s impending visit at the end of that year. With a war against Germany becoming more and more inevitable it wouldn't do to have a book in circulation that highlighted Kitchener's treachery just when he's trying to drum up future support for the good old mother country.

 Captain F.R. de Bertodano, the Spanish-Australian headquarters intelligence officer partly responsible for gathering up evidence against the BVC officers remained in South Africa then moved to England after the war. He certainly believed there was government intervention because he later wrote in his "memoirs": "When the book was published it was largely bought up by the Govt. as a false presentation of what had occurred." [Arthur Davey p53]

In the 1929 letter Witton mentioned Handcock’s alleged confession three times so it was obviously worrying him. I admit that this is pure speculation but the possibility exists that he was threatened with the release of that “confession” and its likely consequences. After all, as he stated in the letter, he believed  that the confession implicated him in the shooting of Heese - and nobody had yet been convicted of that crime. Why did the book suddenly disappear from sale? If, as has been suggested, the authorities bought up all the remaining copies, wouldn’t that have been an incentive to print more? Unless, of course, some means were used to dissuade Witton from doing so. In his interview in Smith's Weekly he claims that there are only few copies of the book in existence and that it was "frowned upon by authority".

How The Letter Reached the Mitchell Library
I had read so many conflicting accounts about why Witton’s letter was withheld until 1970 that I was determined to find out the true story. After viewing the microfilm copy in the Mitchell Library [Am77/8] I asked a member of the staff if it was possible to find out when the document was actually received and under what circumstances. The original of the letter has a fine notation along the left hand edge of page 1 stating that it is from the estate of J.F. Thomas and is dated 11 October 1945. This notation did not show up on my microfilm copy and I am grateful to the member of the library staff who kindly retrieved the original for my perusal.

The letter was received by the library sometime after that date with the following undated covering letter signed by W.B. Thomas:

Do not know if this is of any interest to Mitchell Library. The letter gives information re Hancock [sic] that is new to most people.
As Mrs Hancock & children are still alive, consider contents of this letter should be observed as confidential. Mrs. H thinks husband innocent.
Personally consider the sooner we forget the Morant, Hancock business the better.
If of no interest please destroy the letter.

Across the top in another hand (presumably that of a member of the library staff) is this notation:
N.B. Not to be issued until 1970


Therefore the letter was not withheld on the instructions of George Witton, James Thomas or the Defence Department as suggested in some sources, but at the request of Thomas’s relative, W.B. Thomas, who was apparently dealing with Thomas’s estate some time after his death. There’s certainly no note from J.F Thomas, as stated by Nick Bleszynksi, saying: “I think it’s best if we forget the whole thing” [2] A 2 DVD re-release of the movie “Breaker Morant” in 2010 included the award-winning documentary “The Breaker” made by Frank Shields in the 1970s. Unfortunately Shields felt the need to include an additional short filmclip, a postscript mea culpa where he admitted to knowing about Witton’s letter prior to making the film. He concludes this clip by reading from the above attached note “Personally consider the sooner we forget the Morant, Hancock business the better” claiming that the note was attached by J.F. Thomas himself. Thomas had already been dead for three years and the signature clearly reads W.B. Thomas! It is little wonder that there is so much confusion surrounding this document when we are subjected to inaccurate and misleading information by people who fail to check their facts. Here is the original of the covering note:


What disturbs me even more is that Shields actually shows the bottom part of this covering note in his filmclip but still claims that it was sent to the Mitchell Library by James Francis Thomas.

James Unkles seems to have relied on these two inaccurate resources in his recently published book "Ready, Aim, Fire" (Sid Harta Publishers Pty. Ltd. 2018 - ISBN 978-1-925230-50-5) when he falsely claims that Thomas, after reading Witton's letter, wrote: "I think it best if we just forget the whole thing" without providing any reference for this erroneous statement. There is even further evidence of the inaccuracy of Unkles' research when he wrote "Handcock's ... parents left Bathurst to escape the tittle-tattle and shame". Really? Peter Handcock's father died 28 years earlier in 1874 and his mother died in 1881!


 The Letter
The most significant passages in the letter are:

Personally I think the attitude you take with regard to Morant and Handcock and the Heese case is not the right one. I am inclined to think that neither of them took you into their confidence over that case. Up to the time of the Court of Inquiry when I was charged with complicity in his death I had no more knowledge of how Heese came by his death than the babe unborn nor did I have at anytime the slightest suspicion that Morant or Handcock was connected with it.

It staggered me at the time but my statement in reply I think cleared me of that count at that inquiry. Subsequently when we were allowed to see each other Morant told me that Handcock had broken down and confessed to everything including shooting Heese.

I saw Handcock shortly afterwards and asked him about the Heese business, he said “why wasn’t you standing beside Morant when he asked me if I was game to follow the missionary and wipe him out”
;


and
I believe Morant got Handcock to deny his previous statement in which he had made a clean breast of everything and they got to work to frame up an alibi which you know was successful and the means of their acquittal.

But you must not forget Kitchener held Handcock’s ‘confession’ in which he implicated me as an accessory no doubt unwittingly done while in a high strung nervous state but that accounts for the reason why only Morant Handcock and myself were punished and the War Office so adamant in my case.

 Had there been no Heese case the shooting of prisoners would not have worried them much. But the shooting of Heese was a premeditated and most cold blooded affair. Handcock with his own lips described it all to me.

I consider I am the one and only one that suffered unjustly (apart from yourself).

Morant and Handcock being acquitted my lips were sealed.

I would very much like to peruse the evidence of the Heese trial although I took no part in it or was present. If you have a copy and would care to send it to me I would take particular care of it and return it safely. Personally I do not think there would be much in writing what you term the true story of the Bushveldt Carbineers in face of the fact that the War Office may still hold Handcock’s confession.


Witton’s Earlier Claims
These statements are in sharp contrast to Witton’s assertion 22 years earlier in Scapegoats of the Empire:

"…as to the death of the missionary, it was quite a mystery to me, but I was confident that it could not be charged to the Carbineers.

I was astounded to hear that his death was imputed to Lieutenant Handcock, as I had been frequently in his company at Spelonken, and had not the slightest reason to connect him with it.
"
[p75]

He also goes on to make the very valid point:

"It has been said that the missionary was shot because he was going into Pietersburg to inform the authorities there about the shooting of prisoners, but there was no necessity to shoot him on that account, as the authorities there were aware of the facts." [p76]

Some writers, including Craig Wilcox [3], and Carnegie and Shields[4], have seized upon the 1929 letter as proof of the guilt of Handcock and Morant in the murder of Rev. Heese. Arthur Davey also implies guilt but questions Witton’s “general credibility”[5] . Kit Denton mentions the letter but draws no conclusions.[6]

Nick Bleszynski[7] , Bill Woolmore[8] and Graham Jenkin[9] provide a more balanced assessment. While acknowledging the possible implications of Witton’s letter they also point to the disparity with his earlier remarks and raise questions about his motives and state of mind at the time of writing it.

Witton says that his “lips were sealed” but if he genuinely believed that Handcock was guilty of a “premeditated and most cold blooded” murder then why, 22 years earlier, did he express his astonishment that Handcock had been charged? Why not simply omit any reference to Handcock’s involvement, or lack thereof, from his book?

Accusation Implied, Not Stated
The most logical way for Witton to inform Thomas that Handcock had admitted shooting Heese would have been to write something like “Handcock told me that he shot the missionary on Morant’s orders” but instead he quotes Handcock’s odd retort: “why wasn’t you standing beside Morant when he asked me if I was game to follow the missionary and wipe him out”. Presuming Handcock made such a remark, the fact that Witton is able to recall it after such a long time suggests that it must have been puzzling him for all those years. What did it mean? Was Handcock asking him why he wasn’t standing beside Morant? That just doesn’t make sense and most historians obviously don’t think so either because they helpfully insert a comma after the “why” whenever they quote the line [e.g. Wilcox p288]. This then tends to suggest the accusation: “why [do you ask], wasn’t you standing beside Morant…?”

Witton knew he wasn’t standing beside Morant and tells Thomas so in the letter. Surely if Handcock was about to commit a cold blooded murder he would remember who was present to witness his intentions. Bear in mind that on the day Heese was shot Handcock had known Witton for less than 3 weeks so I feel sure that if such a conversation took place Handcock would surely remember the participants. So the remark doesn’t make any sense if read the second way either.

Tactics of Court of Inquiry
Is there another explanation? The prisoners were kept isolated from one another before and during the courts-martial. Witton wrote that they were allowed to speak to each other for the first time on the day before the courts-martial began. Morant was the first one he spoke to on that day and this was the first time they had spoken since their arrest. It must have been then that Morant told him that Handcock had “broken down and confessed everything”. Could it be that Morant believed Handcock confessed because that was what he was told repeatedly during his interrogation?  Witton described the court of inquiry as a “Star Chamber” (p74)  and on p77 claimed that tactics such as bullying and badgering of witnesses were used. Their commanding officer, Major Lenehan claimed that attempts were made to get Morant and Handcock to perjure themselves and implicate him and that attempts were made to intimidate the BVC adjutant, Lt Edwards, into giving evidence against Lenehan.[10]

Likewise, is it so unbelievable that during attempts to coerce a confession from Handcock he was told something like “you may as well confess – Witton has told us that he was there when Morant ordered you to follow the missionary and shoot him”? This could account for Handcock’s strange retort when confronted by Witton and it is possible that due to their limited opportunity for interaction they never resolved the issue. I very much doubt Witton would have raised it again later. I find it highly unbelievable that on the day before he was to go on trial for several murders he would not only confess but describe all the details to someone he had known for such a short time. Witton could have realised the irony in Handcock’s response at the time but the years may have clouded his thinking with the words taking on a new meaning, or led to flaws in his memory as I will discuss later.

In his memoirs Intelligence Officer, Captain F.R. de Bertodano claimed to be “the man who worked up all the evidence” against the Carbineers[11] . Given his reputation for “righteous zeal and disreputable methods”[12] when dealing with prisoners it is possible that he conducted his own inquisition while the Court of Inquiry was in progress and throughout the several weeks between when it concluded and the trials began. The prisoners remained isolated from one another during that period. It may have been de Bertodano who badgered Handcock into believing that Witton had implicated him in the Heese murder and similarly tricked Morant into believing that Handcock had made a full confession.

De Bertodano claimed that although he was in Pietersburg during the Heese court martial he did not attend because:

“…being primarily responsible for having sent the poor man into Spelonken, and savage at his cold-blooded murder, I thought it better to keep away.”[13]

Could the real reason be that he was afraid of being called upon during the trial to account for his actions during the inquiry? His recollections of an encounter with Morant prior to the  trials suggest that Morant, under close confinement at the time, was critical of his role in the investigations.[14]


No Other Record of Alleged Confession
The only reference to Handcock’s supposed confession is by Witton in Scapegoats of the Empire and by Major Bolton in a letter written on 3 April 1907[15] . The wording of Bolton’s letter suggests that he had never seen the “confession” but he claimed it was referred to constantly at the trial. That in itself is strange given that he was the prosecutor at most of the trials. In any case, Bolton’s 1907 letter dealt with compensation claims in the “8 Boers” case and it’s quite reasonable to accept that Handcock may have confessed to these shootings and the shooting of other prisoners in the belief that he was acting under orders. Bolton made no mention of a confession to the Heese shooting. Neither The Times report nor any of the available Judge Advocate General documents make any mention of a confession by Peter Handock.
In his paper "The Morant Affair" (p.23) Lt. Col. Barry Caligari writes:

But the most compelling evidence is the DJAG’s examination of the proceedings of the court of inquiry. There is no mention of any confession. The implications and consequences of a confession would be critical to the legal system and the legal advice tendered to the Adjutant General and Kitchener. As a barrister, St Clair could be expected to commit such critical advice to writing and where better than the Minute Book of Letters along with the rest of his comments on the court of inquiry. The mishandling of a ‘privileged’ confession from the court of inquiry, which is legally inadmissible at any court-martial, could lead to a mistrial. In essence there is only rumour about a “confession” which, no doubt, suited Kitchener’s ends but there is no reliable evidence to support its existence.

Thomas No Fool
In his letter Witton speculates that Morant and Handcock “got to work to frame up an alibi”. From the time of their arrest until the end of the last trial they were confined in different parts of the camp and under close guard at all times to prevent that very thing from happening. Even if they were able to confer briefly at times they would have required the services of a third person to gather up and coach the necessary witnesses. The only person they could have possibly had an audience with, out of the earshot of their guards, was their lawyer Major Thomas.

This is a factor that seems to be overlooked by many historians. If a confession existed then Thomas would certainly have been aware of it and all of its details because it would have been central to the prosecution case. Unlike the other trials Thomas actually had ten days to prepare his defence for this one and he would have gone through every detail of any confession with the accused. Thomas was no fool and he would have seen through any attempt to “frame up an alibi”. The later reactions by Thomas to the injustice of the verdicts and sentences and his firm belief in Handcock’s innocence clearly show that he was not a party to any fabrication of evidence. The War Office confirmed that the prisoners were refused leave to visit each other[16] , and that written communication between them was censored[17] . In the above mentioned filmclip by Frank Shields he states "One can only imagine the impact these revelations had on Thomas, it can be all summed up in the note he attached to the letter." As I've already demonstrated Thomas didn't attached the note and I believe that any  impact the letter would have had on Thomas would have been one of severe disappointment that Witton had gone to water over the matter.

Handcock Found Heese’s Body
Witton goes on to write that “…the shooting of Heese was a premeditated and most cold blooded affair. Handcock with his own lips described it all to me”. This could be a half-truth used to support his previous insinuations. Of course Handcock described it all to him – he was the one who found the body at the scene of the crime and it may have been Witton who helped him compile his report describing the scene to Taylor. Handcock would have needed assistance due to his poor literacy skills. I realize that Witton would know the difference but by phrasing it this way it does enable him to avoid telling an outright lie. Once again, if Handcock had genuinely told Witton that he had killed the missionary then why didn’t Witton come out and say so instead of using ambiguous insinuations. It can only mean that Witton wasn’t at all convinced that his memory of events was accurate and reliable.

There Is Much George Witton Did Not Know
It is obvious from Witton’s book and the War Office correspondence that there was no opportunity for the prisoners to converse freely from the time of their arrest until the end of the Heese court martial. Much of Witton’s account of that period has been taken directly from The Times article of 17 April 1902 and to some extent from Frank Fox’s Bushman and Buccaneer[18] which confirms that he had very little first-hand knowledge of events where he was not directly involved. (He was so unsure of his ground that, in the 1929 letter, he even asked Thomas if he could peruse the transcript of the Heese trial.) In his own copy of Scapegoats of the Empire Thomas wrote: 'This book gives only a superficial statement of the facts. Much that Lieutenant Witton probably did not know is not given. The true story of the Bushveldt Carbineers has never been written. These officers were truly scapegoats, shot or imprisoned not so much for their own sins but for those of the system of the militarism in which they were involved and which was responsible for the drastic instructions secretly issued from high places to irregular corps against the indomitable Boers. In the later European war regular army officers were not given the opportunity to season themselves by victimising colonial officers, as was the case in the South African war.' I have been fortunate to see this inscription first hand. The book is now in the possession of one of Thomas' relatives, Beach Thomas.

Handcock was acquitted of Heese’s murder so it defies logic that he would later confess his guilt to Witton, or anyone else for that matter, when he still did not know his fate in connection with the other matters. He was still proclaiming his innocence of murder in the letter he wrote to his sister on the night before his execution.

Don’t Believe Everything You See or Read
Movie plots can often leave us with a distorted impression of reality as script writers attempt to fill in the blanks. The movie “Breaker Morant” gives a false idea that the prisoners were housed together throughout the trials when in fact, as I have already shown, they were guarded in separate parts of the garrison. The Witton letter had only recently been made public so director Bruce Beresford included a scene in the movie where Witton, during the course of the trials, asks Handcock “Who do you think did kill the missionary?” and Handcock replies “Me”.  There is no evidence that such a conversation ever took place. Craig Wilcox, who claimed in an ABC radio interview with Phillip Adams on 17 November 2009 to have seen the movie “about 200 times and watched it carefully often with pen and paper in hand” adds to the confusion by misquoting the scene. In an article titled “Killers Tale Murdered the Truth”[19] he wrote ‘``It's wrong, Peter. You know it is,'' FitzGerald's Witton says to Handcock when the missionary's death is being mooted.’  That particular conversation actually took place earlier in the movie in a scene where Witton was protesting about Morant’s intention to shoot the Boer prisoners. It had nothing to do with the shooting of the missionary.

Witton's Failure To Get Justice
In a letter to The Adelaide Advertiser on 2 July 1902 (p6), journalist Frank Fox, author of Bushman and Buccaneer described Witton’s character as “weak and amiable.”  On his return to Australia following his release from prison, Witton told reporters:

"I want my character cleared, and I am going to try and get a strict inquiry into my case. I will not rest content till I am reinstated in my former position as an Australian citizen and soldier. I want to submit the fact to the people of Australia, and I feel satisfied that if they will interest themselves in the matter I shall get justice."[20]

Unfortunately that never happened. His book Scapegoats of the Empire barely caused a ripple and disappeared from sale, for whatever reason, around mid-1909. It seems probable that Witton was able to rationalize his not taking any further action because he believed there was a confession implicating him in the shooting of Heese and therefore he could persuade himself that he was the only real victim. The fact remains, however, that there is no evidence that such a confession even existed.

False Memory
Another consideration that those self-styled experts determined to condemn Handcock appear to have overlooked is the possibility that Witton’s recollections are false. The psychology section of about.com provides a very clear and useful definition of this phenomenon which has been the subject of much research:

“When we think of memory, we often imagine it as a video recorder, perfectly capturing the events of our lives to be re-played over and over again later on. The truth is, memory is highly prone to errors and sometimes our memories are not as accurate as we believe them to be. False memories feel like real memories; so real in fact that people will often feel completely confident that their recollections are a reflection of the truth. However, researchers have discovered that such conviction about a memory’s accuracy is no guarantee that it is correct. False memories can be recollections of things that never actually happened or they can be distorted versions of real events.”

Much has been published recently concerning false memories. Here are some examples:
Remember That? No You Don’t. Study Shows False Memories Afflict Us All
Why does the human brain create false memories
How Many Of Your Memories Are Fake
Creating False Memories

In George Witton’s case the following stressors may well have contributed to the development of such a phenomenon:
  • Witton's close confinement and interrogation prior to the trials;
  • His almost 3 years harsh imprisonment during which he nearly lost his own life and also learned of the death of his father back in Australia;
  • The lack of widespread success of his book and the resultant failure to clear his name;
  • His entrenched belief in the existence of a confession by Handcock implicating him in the shooting of Heese; and 
  • His growing self-pitying belief that he was the only one who suffered unjustly. [He didn’t always hold this view. In Scapegoats of the Empire (p155) he wrote: “For shooting Boers Captains Taylor and Robertson, Lieutenants Picton and myself, Sergeant-Major Hammett and the troopers were practically let off.” and also on p48 he wrote: "Handcock was an Australian, and was never the bloodthirsty desperado that (after he had been shot) he was made out to be; he was simply the chosen tool of unprincipled men, who held the power to command."]
False Memory or Outright Untruth?
In his interview for Smith's Weekly in 1928,  just one year earlier, George Witton,  when describing the finding of Capt. Hunt's body, said:

Several days later Morant, who had taken over command, came across his friend's body hung on a barbed wire fence, stripped of clothes, and horribly mutilated with a knife...

Witton's claim that Morant found Hunt's body is completely untrue and is contradicted by several first-hand reports that confirmed Captain Hunt's body had already been retrieved by his men and buried at the Mission Station by Rev. Reuter before Morant's force, including George Witton, had arrived. Witton, himself, confirms this in Scapegoats of the Empire p55:

...we reached Reuter's Mission Station about four in the afternoon. Here we met the men of Captain Hunt's patrol; they had just one hour before buried their captain. After visiting his grave, we returned to Mr. Reuter's house, where Lieutenant Morant interrogated several men regarding Captain Hunt's death.
It is quite conceivable that Witton, after hearing or reading the many accounts of Hunt's alleged torture and mutilation, may have developed a false memory of what actually occurred. False memory or blatant untruth, this lie does cast serious doubt on the reliability of his allegations that Peter Handcock had told him all those years ago that he had shot Heese. 

Only those with a naive and simplistic understanding of the human psyche would fail to acknowledge the distinct possibility that George Witton developed a false or distorted memory of conversations that took place nearly 30 years earlier.

Bill Woolmore’s Opinion
The following statements from Bill Woolmore are quite persuasive:
“The shock release of Witton’s 1929 letter to Thomas seemed to put an end to the argument about whether Handcock shot the missionary, until one understands that Witton had good reason to want to silence Thomas, who had just been made bankrupt and had been struck off the Roll as a solicitor, and such a letter, which was never intended for release, would certainly have, and did have, the desired effect”.[21]
And
“Witton’s previous writings and statements had been the very antithesis of this letter to Thomas,  and the motive for this new attitude is difficult to fathom. Whether it was a genuine conviction of Witton’s, a move to avoid the matter becoming too public again, a wish to reinforce his own bona fides, or to avoid public involvement with the now fallen Thomas, is all conjecture.

Although Witton’s unsupported statement would not stand any test of evidence, it has been sufficient to encourage a presumption of guilt in the Heese murder on the part of Morant and Handcock which could not be supported by any credible evidence at the trial or by the finding of the court martial.”[22]

Apart from the disgraced and recently-imprisoned Thomas, none of the other major players were still alive in 1929 to support him and Witton’s wife was seriously ill with cancer. 

Another reason why Witton may have wanted to avoid any more involvement and publicity is given in his interview in Smith's Weekly on 29 Sep 1928:

In years of married life he had not been blessed with any children. Recently he and his good wife sought to adopt a little orphan girl. A lady in an official position under the Queensland Government was called on to report, and vetoed the adoption on grounds that Witton was "a disgraced soldier".

Whatever his reasons, it is clear that Witton did not want the matter resurrected. We’ll never know to what lengths he was prepared to go to prevent that from happening.

Vaguely worded insinuations in a letter written 27 years later hardly represent evidence capable of altering history. When addressing the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Petitions on 15 March 2010, Craig Wilcox claimed that he has a  “historian’s general concern about revisiting the past, not just to reflect on the past but in an attempt to change it”  but in that same address, in reference to the Heese murder, he says that “historical record turns up that in fact they were responsible for that particular killing after all”. I find it astonishing that he and other historians are prepared to declare that a private letter, written so long after the event and containing only ambiguous hearsay claims which cannot be tested, is alone a “historical record” capable of overturning the not guilty verdict delivered by the court-martial.


Richard Williams


1. Adelaide Advertiser 24 April 1909, p12
2. Bleszynski, Nick, Shoot Straight You Bastards!, Random House, 2nd Ed 2003, p491
3. Wilcox, Craig, Australia's Boer War: The War In South Africa 1899-1902, Oxford University Press, 2002, p363
4. Carnegie M. and Shields F., In Search of Breaker Morant, Graphic Books, 1979, p149
5. Davey, Arthur, Breaker Morant and The Bushveldt Carbineers,Van Riebeeck Society Cape Town, 1987, pxxv
6. Denton, Kit, Closed File, Rigby Publishers, Adelaide, 1983, p133
7. Bleszynski, Nick, op cit, pp491-3 and pp567-8
8. Woolmore, William, The Bushveldt Carbineers and the Pietersburg Light Horse, Slouch Hat Publications, Australia, 2002, p290
9. Jenkins, Graham, Songs of the Breaker, Book Agencies of Adelaide Pty. Ltd.,1980,pp21-22
10. Carnegie M. and Shields F., op cit, pp124-5
11. Carnegie M. and Shields F., op cit, p100
12. Wilcox,Craig, op cit, p289
13. Carnegie M. and Shields F., op cit, p99
14. Carnegie M. and Shields F., op cit, p100
15. Davey, Arthur, op cit, p199
16. Carnegie M. and Shields F., op cit, p181
17. Carnegie M. and Shields F., op cit, p182
18. Renar, Frank,Bushman and Buccaneer,H.T. Dunn & Co., Sydney, 1902
19. The Australian 9 May 2007 Australian Literary Review Supplement, p24
20. Adelaide Advertiser, Saturday 12 November 1904, p12
21. Woolmore, William, op cit, p148
22. Woolmore, William, op cit, p311

7 comments:

  1. Interesting, but when you draw attention to the obliquity of Handcock's remark to Witton, are you not overlooking Morant's statement to Witton that Handcock had made a confession? The truth is that we will never know exactly who said what. These letters and statements were made for different purposes and all we can do is guess at the reasons. You make a valid point about the motive for killing Heese, but again, we can only speculate about motives. One fairly obvious one is that one or more of the prisoners, possibly the Dutch schoolteacher who knew Heese, might have said something to him which Morant would not have wanted to be known. In fact, one wonders whether Morant had fully considered the status of the prisoners when he ordered them to be shot - perhaps he didn't even know about this at the time. There may have been an element of panic in these actions.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. "Interesting, but when you draw attention to the obliquity of Handcock's remark to Witton, are you not overlooking Morant's statement to Witton that Handcock had made a confession?"

      No, I'm not overlooking the fact that Handcock allegedly made a confession. In fact I refer to it frequently throughout this paper. I even quoted Witton's claim in his letter to Thomas.

      "The truth is that we will never know exactly who said what."

      I couldn't agree more. That is why I wrote this paper. Too many so-called historians have made black and white assumptions about Witton's letter, concluding that it is proof positive of Handcock's guilt despite the fact that there is also evidence pointing to his innocence; and also don't forget he was tried and acquitted.

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    2. Mr Williams -

      1 Do you know where Witton's 1929 letter to Thomas may be viewed?

      2 The answers to your questions seem to be:

      the court-martial found him not guilty;

      ANSWER Defendants have been acquitted when there is insufficient evidence to connect them with a crime or even if there is reasonable doubt as to their guilt. After acquittal a Defendant may admit his guilt. I have had personal experience of this

      several civilian witnesses proved that he was 15-20 miles away at the time of the shooting;

      ANSWER This presupposes that the time of Heese's death and Handcock's presence at the homes of the alibi witnesses can be so precisely fixed as to make the alibis a complete defence. I do not believe that this is so. Bandolier Kopjes/ Bandelierkop is 6 miles SW of Ford Edward

      the prosecution failed to establish a motive.

      ANSWER I note Witton's remark "...there was no necessity to shoot him [Heese] on that account, as the authorities there were aware of the facts." The authorities would be much more likely to act on receipt of a report from a witness (1) a minister of religion (2) from an independent country.

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  2. Unknown,
    If you are going to troll my paper please do me the courtesy of reading it. I went into great detail describing how I obtained a copy or the original of Witton's letter at the Mitchell Library, which is the State Library of New South Wales. A simple Google search would have told you it's location.

    The following were statements, not questions.
    1. The court-martial found him not guilty;
    2. Several civilian witnesses proved that he was 15-20 miles away at the time of the shooting;
    3. The prosecution failed to establish a motive.

    As to your "answers":
    ANSWER 1: Your personal experiences are irrelevant. In this case, after 4 months of exhaustive investigation the prosecution were unable to find ANY evidence to connect them to the crime other than vague circumstantial assertions and suspicions. On the other hand, the evidence of Silas Juno alone should be sufficient to convince any fair-minded person of Peter Handcock's innocence.

    ANSWER 2: The time of Heese's death was established as around 2pm from the testimony of both local farmer Van Rooyen and Silas Juno. Cpl. Sharpe testified that Heese passed the fort between 10am and 11am. He must have been moving at a fair pace because Silas Juno said in his statement to Rev. Krause that he had to hurry to try to catch him so that he could ask for a ride. Say Heese was only travelling at 4mph then that would place him between 12 and 16 miles from the fort at the time of his death.
    Surely Major Bolton, the prosecutor, would have cross-examined the five witnesses very closely in an attempt to establish that it was possible for Peter Handcock to somehow slip away for at least a couple of hours and commit this crime. Obviously he could not do so as the Times Report of the trial simply states:
    "Further witnesses proved that Hancock was at Schiel’s and Bristowe’s when the missionary was shot." It's pretty hard for anyone to argue with that!

    ANSWER 3: I'm sure you have your beliefs as to motive but if you read the Times Report (the only record we have of the trial in the absence of the transcripts) at no point does the prosecution provide any evidence as to motive, full stop.

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  3. Hello there, thanks for such a detailed discussion. Where can the letter be viewed?

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. You're welcome. When I copied the letter in 2010 it was in the Mitchell Library in Sydney. Reference Witton G.R., 77/8

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    2. Sorry, that reference should read Am77/8

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